![]() He was captured by the Prussians and deposed, spending the rest of his life in exile in England. Underestimating Bismarck, he allowed the latter's belligerent Ems telegram to provoke him into fighting the Franco-Prussian War, the outcome of which brought ruin to the Second Empire. Throughout his reign as monarch, he improved the economy through investment banking as well as railroad construction, and he appealed to the lower classes by. His “Liberal Empire” (1860–70) widened the powers of the legislative assembly. Napoleon III took part in the Crimean War and presided over the Congress of Paris (1856). In 1852, following a coup against Parliament, he had himself accepted as Emperor of the French. During the Revolutions of 1848, he returned to France, and in December under the new constitution was elected President of the French Republic. He escaped to London (1846) disguised as a mason by the name of “Badinguet”, which thereafter became his nickname. He was arrested and imprisoned in the fortress of Ham. In 1840 embarked upon the disastrous “Boulogne Conspiracy” to gather supporters. ![]() On the death of Napoleon I's only son, the Roi de Rome, in 1832, he became Bonapartist pretender to the French throne and twice attempted to overthrow Louis Philippe, as a result of which he was deported. After the fall of Napoleon I, Napoleon III began a long period of exile in Switzerland. He was the third son of Hortense de Beauharnais stepdaughter of Napoleon I and Louis Bonaparte (1778–1846), brother of Napoleon I and King of Holland (1806–10).
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